🎓 Summary:

Using curly braces - {}

Using curly braces in C++ is important part of writing the programming code. Imagine that you want to merge several members of programing code to a single pile. As we would separate pencils into one pile and markers to another - to be more organized. In real life we would do by elastic bundle or rope. If you have to choose single character from the keyboard to indicate that several members are combined to the same pile - which character would you choose? Probably curly braces {} are the best choice.

Function Declaration

void loop() {

}

Function Call

digitalWrite(3, HIGH);

Function Name

Function name should be stucked together from 2 - 5 short words that unicly describing the functionalaty of the function. The first word shoul start with lower case and all the others words following should start with upper case. Some examples should be:

 badname();

 goodFunctionName();

void setup() { pinMode(4, OUTPUT); pinMode(5, OUTPUT); pinMode(6, OUTPUT); pinMode(7, OUTPUT); //simple move... robotForward(); delay(3000); robotStop(); } void loop() { } void robotForward(){ digitalWrite(7, HIGH); digitalWrite(6, LOW); digitalWrite(5, HIGH); digitalWrite(4, LOW); } void robotStop(){ digitalWrite(7, LOW); digitalWrite(6, LOW); digitalWrite(5, LOW); digitalWrite(4, LOW); }

void setup() { pinMode(4, OUTPUT); pinMode(5, OUTPUT); pinMode(6, OUTPUT); pinMode(7, OUTPUT); // Funny dancing move. int i = 0; for (i = 0; i < 10; i++) { robotLeft(); delay(100); robotRight(); delay(100); } robotStop(); } [+]void loop() { [+]void robotForward() { [+]void robotStop() { [+]void robotLeft() { [+]void robotRight() { [+]void robotBackward() {

void setup() { pinMode(A0, INPUT); } void loop() { if ( digitalRead(A0) == HIGH){ digitalWrite(3, HIGH); } } [+]void robotForward() { [+]void robotStop() { [+]void robotLeft() { [+]void robotRight() { [+]void robotBackward() {

[+]void setup() { void loop() { if ( digitalRead(A0) == HIGH){ robotStop(); }else{ robotForward(); } } [+]void robotForward() { [+]void robotStop() { [+]void robotLeft() { [+]void robotRight() { [+]void robotBackward() {

[+]void setup() { void loop() { if ( analogRead(A0) < 400 ){ robotForward(); } else { robotStop(); } } [+]void robotForward() { [+]void robotStop() { [+]void robotLeft() { [+]void robotRight() { [+]void robotBackward() {

[+] void setup() { void loop() { if ( light_sensor_value < treshold_value ){ //do this if robot is ower the blck line } else { // do this if robot is ower white area } } [+] void robotForward() { [+] void robotStop() { [+] void robotLeft() { [+] void robotRight() { [+] void robotBackward() {

[+] void setup() { int time_on_black = 0; int time_on_white = 0; void loop() { if ( analogRead(A1) < 400 ){ // BLACK area robotLeft(); time_on_white = 0; // reset time on white time_on_black++; // meas. time on black delay(100); } else { // WHITE area robotRight(); // Do similar meas. // of time on white delay(100); // If time is signif. // longer: // robotStop();exit(0); } } [+] void robotForward() { [+] void robotStop() { [+] void robotLeft() { [+] void robotRight() { [+] void robotBackward() {

🎓 Summary:

What is variable?

Variables are used in C++ where you will need to store any type of values within a program and whose value can be changed during the program execution. These variables can be declared in various ways each having different memory requirements and storing capability. Variables are the name of memory locations that are allocated by compilers, and the allocation is done based on the data type used for declaring the variable.

Variable definition and initialization in C++

A variable definition means that the programmer writes some instructions to tell the compiler to create the storage in a memory location. The syntax for defining variables is:

 data_type variable_name;

Here data_type means the valid C++ data type which includes int, float, double, char, wchar_t, bool and variable list is the lists of variable names to be declared which is separated by commas.
Variables are declared in the above example, but none of them has been assigned any value. Variables can be initialized, and the initial value can be assigned along with their declaration.

 data_type variable_name = value;

Examples:

 bool is_raining = false;
 int sensor_value = 23;
 float pi_value = 3.14;
 char letter = "A";
 char sentence[] = "Some dummy text.";

Time measuring with programming loops

The easiest way to measure time is to simply count the number of loop's executions. And if we know how long is one execution of the loop - we can easily determine the time lapsed for the whole process.

Example:

  int t = 0;
  while (t<10){
    t++;
    delay(100);
  }

In the previous example the while loop is executed 10 times (t = [0 .. 9]), since each execution of the loop last 100 ms (determined by delay(100);) the whole while loop last 1 s.

Time measuring with Timers

More proper way of measuring the time is by using the timer's values. More on that can be read here.

Example:

  unsigned long start_time;
  unsigned long stop_time;

  start_time = millis();
  // time measured process goes here
  // ...
  stop_time = millis();

  unsigned long duration = stop_time - start_time;

Where the duration is the time in milliseconds.

[-] void setup() { pinMode(7, OUTPUT); //declaration of I/O pins pinMode(6, OUTPUT); gateUp(); // Lift the barrier. delay(3000); // Wait a bit... gateDown(); // Lower the barrier. } [+] void loop() { [+] void gateStop(){ [-] void gateUp() { digitalWrite(7, HIGH); digitalWrite(6, LOW); delay(1000); gateStop(); } [+] void gateDown() {

[-]void setup() { pinMode(7, OUTPUT); //declaration of I/O pins pinMode(6, OUTPUT); pinMode(A1, INPUT_PULLUP); // Enab. int. Pull-up. } [-]void loop() { if ( digitalRead(A1) == 0 ){ gateUp(); delay(3000); gateDown(); } } [+] void gateStop(){ [+] void gateUp() { [+] void gateDown() {

[+] void setup() { [-] void loop() { if ( digitalRead(A1) == 0 ){ gateUp(); delay(3000); gateDown(); } manualControll(); } [-] void manualControll(){ if ( digitalRead(A4) == 0 ){ //Button A4 is pressed gateUp(); } // add code for A5 ... } [+] void gateStop(){ [+] void gateUp() { [+] void gateDown() {

[+] void setup() { [+] void loop() { [+] void manualControll(){ [+] void gateStop(){ [-] void gateUp() { while (analogRead(A3) < 750){ digitalWrite(7, HIGH); digitalWrite(6, LOW); } gateStop(); } [+] void gateDown() {

Robotics Starter Course

Testing

Ardublockly

Arduino IDE (C++)

Advanced programming

Software intallation

Testing the equipment

Basic testing in Arduino IDE

Basic testing in Ardublockly

🎓 Summary:

💣 Issues:

Ardublockly returns the Error id 55: Serial port Serial Port unavailable.

Hello World in Ardublockly

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How DC motor works

Task:

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💣 Issues:

When I connect the DC motor to + and - terminals of the battery the motor's shaft does not spin.

Controlling the DC motor with Digital Outputs

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Geared reductor

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Gead ratio

💣 Issues:

The reductor's shaft is not spinning although the DC motor is working properly.

Constructing the mobile robot

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Controlling the robot

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Controlling the robot in two degrees of freedom

💣 Issues:

When I change the direction of the robot the robot does not move as expected.

Programming functions

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Programming loop - FOR

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Writing program in C++

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Digital sensors

Tasks:

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Tasks:

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Digital sensors

💣 Issues:

Robot has no power since I connected the key as a sensor.

Reading digital input